Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language
Identifieur interne : 001011 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001010; suivant : 001012Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language
Auteurs : Zoë H. Rosser ; Tatiana Zerjal ; Matthew E. Hurles ; Maarja Adojaan [Estonie] ; Dragan Alavantic ; Ant Nio Amorim [Portugal] ; William Amos ; Manuel Armenteros ; Eduardo Arroyo [Espagne] ; Guido Barbujani [Italie] ; Gunhild Beckman [Suède] ; Lars Beckman [Suède] ; Jaume Bertranpetit [Espagne] ; Elena Bosch [Espagne] ; Daniel G. Bradley ; Gaute Brede [Norvège] ; Gillian Cooper ; Helena B. S. M. Côrte-Real ; Peter De Knijff [Pays-Bas] ; Ronny Decorte [Belgique] ; Yuri E. Dubrova ; Oleg Evgrafov [Russie] ; Anja Gilissen [Belgique] ; Sanja Glisic ; Mukaddes Gölge ; Emmeline W. Hill ; Anna Jeziorowska [Pologne] ; Luba Kalaydjieva ; Manfred Kayser [Allemagne] ; Toomas Kivisild [Royaume-Uni] ; Sergey A. Kravchenko ; Astrida Krumina ; Vaidutis Ku Inskas [Lituanie] ; João Lavinha ; Ludmila A. Livshits ; Patrizia Malaspina [Italie] ; Syrrou Maria ; Ken Mcelreavey [France] ; Thomas A. Meitinger [Allemagne] ; Aavo-Valdur Mikelsaar [Estonie] ; R. John Mitchell [Australie] ; Khedoudja Nafa [États-Unis] ; Jayne Nicholson [Royaume-Uni] ; S Ren N Rby [Danemark] ; Arpita Pandya ; Jüri Parik [Estonie] ; Philippos C. Patsalis ; Luísa Pereira [Portugal] ; Borut Peterlin [Slovénie] ; Gerli Pielberg [Estonie] ; Maria João Prata [Portugal] ; Carlo Previderé [Italie] ; Lutz Roewer [Allemagne] ; Siiri Rootsi [Estonie] ; D. C. Rubinsztein ; Juliette Saillard [Danemark] ; Fabrício R. Santos ; Gheorghe Stefanescu [Roumanie] ; Bryan C. Sykes [États-Unis] ; Aslihan Tolun ; Richard Villems [Estonie] ; Chris Tyler-Smith ; Mark A. Jobling [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- The American Journal of Human Genetics [ 0002-9297 ] ; 2000.
Abstract
Clinal patterns of autosomal genetic diversity within Europe have been interpreted in previous studies in terms of a Neolithic demic diffusion model for the spread of agriculture; in contrast, studies using mtDNA have traced many founding lineages to the Paleolithic and have not shown strongly clinal variation. We have used 11 human Y-chromosomal biallelic polymorphisms, defining 10 haplogroups, to analyze a sample of 3,616 Y chromosomes belonging to 47 European and circum-European populations. Patterns of geographic differentiation are highly nonrandom, and, when they are assessed using spatial autocorrelation analysis, they show significant clines for five of six haplogroups analyzed. Clines for two haplogroups, representing 45% of the chromosomes, are continentwide and consistent with the demic diffusion hypothesis. Clines for three other haplogroups each have different foci and are more regionally restricted and are likely to reflect distinct population movements, including one from north of the Black Sea. Principal-components analysis suggests that populations are related primarily on the basis of geography, rather than on the basis of linguistic affinity. This is confirmed in Mantel tests, which show a strong and highly significant partial correlation between genetics and geography but a low, nonsignificant partial correlation between genetics and language. Genetic-barrier analysis also indicates the primacy of geography in the shaping of patterns of variation. These patterns retain a strong signal of expansion from the Near East but also suggest that the demographic history of Europe has been complex and influenced by other major population movements, as well as by linguistic and geographic heterogeneities and the effects of drift.
Url:
- https://api.istex.fr/document/A1046658CE0666FBC2D17FCBE40E006FDC0B9DE6/fulltext/pdf
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1287948
DOI: 10.1086/316890
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Belgique, Danemark, Espagne, Estonie, France, Italie, Lituanie, Norvège, Pays-Bas, Pologne, Portugal, Roumanie, Royaume-Uni, Russie, Slovénie, Suède, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Bavière, Berlin, Catalogne, Communauté de Madrid, District de Haute-Bavière, District fédéral central, Hollande-Méridionale, Hovedstaden, Latium, Oxfordshire, État de New York, Île-de-France, Østlandet
- Barcelone, Berlin, Copenhague, Leyde, Madrid, Moscou, Munich, Oslo, Oxford, Paris, Rome
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Istex, to step Corpus: 002156
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- to stream Main, to step Merge: 001026
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: 000004
- to stream Pmc, to step Curation: 000004
- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 000190
- to stream Ncbi, to step Merge: 000004
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- to stream Ncbi, to step Checkpoint: 000004
- to stream Main, to step Merge: 001007
- to stream Main, to step Curation: 001011
Le document en format XML
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Hurles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adojaan, Maarja" sort="Adojaan, Maarja" uniqKey="Adojaan M" first="Maarja" last="Adojaan">Maarja Adojaan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alavantic, Dragan" sort="Alavantic, Dragan" uniqKey="Alavantic D" first="Dragan" last="Alavantic">Dragan Alavantic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amorim, Ant Nio" sort="Amorim, Ant Nio" uniqKey="Amorim A" first="Ant Nio" last="Amorim">Ant Nio Amorim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amos, William" sort="Amos, William" uniqKey="Amos W" first="William" last="Amos">William Amos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Armenteros, Manuel" sort="Armenteros, Manuel" uniqKey="Armenteros M" first="Manuel" last="Armenteros">Manuel Armenteros</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arroyo, Eduardo" sort="Arroyo, Eduardo" uniqKey="Arroyo E" first="Eduardo" last="Arroyo">Eduardo Arroyo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barbujani, Guido" sort="Barbujani, Guido" uniqKey="Barbujani G" first="Guido" last="Barbujani">Guido Barbujani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beckman, Gunhild" sort="Beckman, Gunhild" uniqKey="Beckman G" first="Gunhild" last="Beckman">Gunhild Beckman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beckman, Lars" sort="Beckman, Lars" uniqKey="Beckman L" first="Lars" last="Beckman">Lars Beckman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bertranpetit, Jaume" sort="Bertranpetit, Jaume" uniqKey="Bertranpetit J" first="Jaume" last="Bertranpetit">Jaume Bertranpetit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bosch, Elena" sort="Bosch, Elena" uniqKey="Bosch E" first="Elena" last="Bosch">Elena Bosch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bradley, Daniel G" sort="Bradley, Daniel G" uniqKey="Bradley D" first="Daniel G." last="Bradley">Daniel G. 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Rosser</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Leicester</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zerjal, Tatiana" sort="Zerjal, Tatiana" uniqKey="Zerjal T" first="Tatiana" last="Zerjal">Tatiana Zerjal</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Biochemistry</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hurles, Matthew E" sort="Hurles, Matthew E" uniqKey="Hurles M" first="Matthew E." last="Hurles">Matthew E. Hurles</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Leicester</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adojaan, Maarja" sort="Adojaan, Maarja" uniqKey="Adojaan M" first="Maarja" last="Adojaan">Maarja Adojaan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Estonian Biocentre, Tartu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tartu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alavantic, Dragan" sort="Alavantic, Dragan" uniqKey="Alavantic D" first="Dragan" last="Alavantic">Dragan Alavantic</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Belgrade</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amorim, Ant Nio" sort="Amorim, Ant Nio" uniqKey="Amorim A" first="Ant Nio" last="Amorim">Ant Nio Amorim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>5 IPATIMUP and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Porto</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amos, William" sort="Amos, William" uniqKey="Amos W" first="William" last="Amos">William Amos</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Cambridge</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Armenteros, Manuel" sort="Armenteros, Manuel" uniqKey="Armenteros M" first="Manuel" last="Armenteros">Manuel Armenteros</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Civil</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arroyo, Eduardo" sort="Arroyo, Eduardo" uniqKey="Arroyo E" first="Eduardo" last="Arroyo">Eduardo Arroyo</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Espagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Laboratorio de Biología Forense, Departamento de Toxicología y Legislación Sanitaria, Universidad Complutense</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barbujani, Guido" sort="Barbujani, Guido" uniqKey="Barbujani G" first="Guido" last="Barbujani">Guido Barbujani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita di Ferrara, Ferrara</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ferrara</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beckman, Gunhild" sort="Beckman, Gunhild" uniqKey="Beckman G" first="Gunhild" last="Beckman">Gunhild Beckman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Umeå University, Department of Medical Genetics, Umeå</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Umeå</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beckman, Lars" sort="Beckman, Lars" uniqKey="Beckman L" first="Lars" last="Beckman">Lars Beckman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Umeå University, Department of Medical Genetics, Umeå</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Umeå</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bertranpetit, Jaume" sort="Bertranpetit, Jaume" uniqKey="Bertranpetit J" first="Jaume" last="Bertranpetit">Jaume Bertranpetit</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Espagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Facultat de Ciecies de la Salut I de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bosch, Elena" sort="Bosch, Elena" uniqKey="Bosch E" first="Elena" last="Bosch">Elena Bosch</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Espagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Facultat de Ciecies de la Salut I de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bradley, Daniel G" sort="Bradley, Daniel G" uniqKey="Bradley D" first="Daniel G." last="Bradley">Daniel G. Bradley</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Dublin</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brede, Gaute" sort="Brede, Gaute" uniqKey="Brede G" first="Gaute" last="Brede">Gaute Brede</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Norvège</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement><region nuts="2">Østlandet</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>University of Oslo, Centre for Biotechnology</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Gillian" sort="Cooper, Gillian" uniqKey="Cooper G" first="Gillian" last="Cooper">Gillian Cooper</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Cambridge</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corte Real, Helena B S M" sort="Corte Real, Helena B S M" uniqKey="Corte Real H" first="Helena B. S. M." last="Côrte-Real">Helena B. S. M. Côrte-Real</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Lisbon</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Knijff, Peter" sort="De Knijff, Peter" uniqKey="De Knijff P" first="Peter" last="De Knijff">Peter De Knijff</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Forensic Laboratory for DNA Research, MGC-Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Leyde</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Decorte, Ronny" sort="Decorte, Ronny" uniqKey="Decorte R" first="Ronny" last="Decorte">Ronny Decorte</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory for Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology, Center for Human Genetics, K.U. Leuven, Leuven</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Leuven</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dubrova, Yuri E" sort="Dubrova, Yuri E" uniqKey="Dubrova Y" first="Yuri E." last="Dubrova">Yuri E. Dubrova</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Leicester</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Evgrafov, Oleg" sort="Evgrafov, Oleg" uniqKey="Evgrafov O" first="Oleg" last="Evgrafov">Oleg Evgrafov</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Russie</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Moscou</settlement><region>District fédéral central</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilissen, Anja" sort="Gilissen, Anja" uniqKey="Gilissen A" first="Anja" last="Gilissen">Anja Gilissen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory for Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology, Center for Human Genetics, K.U. Leuven, Leuven</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Leuven</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Glisic, Sanja" sort="Glisic, Sanja" uniqKey="Glisic S" first="Sanja" last="Glisic">Sanja Glisic</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Belgrade</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golge, Mukaddes" sort="Golge, Mukaddes" uniqKey="Golge M" first="Mukaddes" last="Gölge">Mukaddes Gölge</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Kiel</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hill, Emmeline W" sort="Hill, Emmeline W" uniqKey="Hill E" first="Emmeline W." last="Hill">Emmeline W. Hill</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Dublin</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jeziorowska, Anna" sort="Jeziorowska, Anna" uniqKey="Jeziorowska A" first="Anna" last="Jeziorowska">Anna Jeziorowska</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lódz, Lódz</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lódz</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalaydjieva, Luba" sort="Kalaydjieva, Luba" uniqKey="Kalaydjieva L" first="Luba" last="Kalaydjieva">Luba Kalaydjieva</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Perth</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kayser, Manfred" sort="Kayser, Manfred" uniqKey="Kayser M" first="Manfred" last="Kayser">Manfred Kayser</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Berlin</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Genetic Research Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty (Charité), Humboldt-University Berlin</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kivisild, Toomas" sort="Kivisild, Toomas" uniqKey="Kivisild T" first="Toomas" last="Kivisild">Toomas Kivisild</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kravchenko, Sergey A" sort="Kravchenko, Sergey A" uniqKey="Kravchenko S" first="Sergey A." last="Kravchenko">Sergey A. Kravchenko</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Kiev</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krumina, Astrida" sort="Krumina, Astrida" uniqKey="Krumina A" first="Astrida" last="Krumina">Astrida Krumina</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Riga</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ku Inskas, Vaidutis" sort="Ku Inskas, Vaidutis" uniqKey="Ku Inskas V" first="Vaidutis" last="Ku Inskas">Vaidutis Ku Inskas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Lituanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Center of Human Genetics, University of Vilnius, Vilnius</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Vilnius</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lavinha, Joao" sort="Lavinha, Joao" uniqKey="Lavinha J" first="João" last="Lavinha">João Lavinha</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Lisbon</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Livshits, Ludmila A" sort="Livshits, Ludmila A" uniqKey="Livshits L" first="Ludmila A." last="Livshits">Ludmila A. Livshits</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Kiev</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malaspina, Patrizia" sort="Malaspina, Patrizia" uniqKey="Malaspina P" first="Patrizia" last="Malaspina">Patrizia Malaspina</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Italie</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maria, Syrrou" sort="Maria, Syrrou" uniqKey="Maria S" first="Syrrou" last="Maria">Syrrou Maria</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Nicosia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcelreavey, Ken" sort="Mcelreavey, Ken" uniqKey="Mcelreavey K" first="Ken" last="Mcelreavey">Ken Mcelreavey</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>France</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Unité d'Immunogénétique Humaine, Institut Pasteur</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meitinger, Thomas A" sort="Meitinger, Thomas A" uniqKey="Meitinger T" first="Thomas A." last="Meitinger">Thomas A. Meitinger</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Munich</settlement><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Institute of Human Genetics, GSF-National Research Centre</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mikelsaar, Aavo Valdur" sort="Mikelsaar, Aavo Valdur" uniqKey="Mikelsaar A" first="Aavo-Valdur" last="Mikelsaar">Aavo-Valdur Mikelsaar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of General and Molecular Pathology, University of Tartu, Tartu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tartu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mitchell, R John" sort="Mitchell, R John" uniqKey="Mitchell R" first="R. John" last="Mitchell">R. John Mitchell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>La Trobe University, School of Genetics and Human Variation, Bundoora</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bundoora</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nafa, Khedoudja" sort="Nafa, Khedoudja" uniqKey="Nafa K" first="Khedoudja" last="Nafa">Khedoudja Nafa</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Human Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicholson, Jayne" sort="Nicholson, Jayne" uniqKey="Nicholson J" first="Jayne" last="Nicholson">Jayne Nicholson</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="N Rby, S Ren" sort="N Rby, S Ren" uniqKey="N Rby S" first="S Ren" last="N Rby">S Ren N Rby</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Danemark</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pandya, Arpita" sort="Pandya, Arpita" uniqKey="Pandya A" first="Arpita" last="Pandya">Arpita Pandya</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Biochemistry</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parik, Juri" sort="Parik, Juri" uniqKey="Parik J" first="Jüri" last="Parik">Jüri Parik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Estonian Biocentre, Tartu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tartu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patsalis, Philippos C" sort="Patsalis, Philippos C" uniqKey="Patsalis P" first="Philippos C." last="Patsalis">Philippos C. Patsalis</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Nicosia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pereira, Luisa" sort="Pereira, Luisa" uniqKey="Pereira L" first="Luísa" last="Pereira">Luísa Pereira</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>5 IPATIMUP and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Porto</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peterlin, Borut" sort="Peterlin, Borut" uniqKey="Peterlin B" first="Borut" last="Peterlin">Borut Peterlin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Slovénie</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ljubljana</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ljubljana</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pielberg, Gerli" sort="Pielberg, Gerli" uniqKey="Pielberg G" first="Gerli" last="Pielberg">Gerli Pielberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Estonian Biocentre, Tartu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tartu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prata, Maria Joao" sort="Prata, Maria Joao" uniqKey="Prata M" first="Maria João" last="Prata">Maria João Prata</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>5 IPATIMUP and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Porto</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Previdere, Carlo" sort="Previdere, Carlo" uniqKey="Previdere C" first="Carlo" last="Previderé">Carlo Previderé</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dipartimento di Medicina Legale e Sanita Pubblica, Pavia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pavia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roewer, Lutz" sort="Roewer, Lutz" uniqKey="Roewer L" first="Lutz" last="Roewer">Lutz Roewer</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Berlin</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Genetic Research Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty (Charité), Humboldt-University Berlin</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rootsi, Siiri" sort="Rootsi, Siiri" uniqKey="Rootsi S" first="Siiri" last="Rootsi">Siiri Rootsi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Estonian Biocentre, Tartu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tartu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rubinsztein, D C" sort="Rubinsztein, D C" uniqKey="Rubinsztein D" first="D. C." last="Rubinsztein">D. C. Rubinsztein</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Cambridge</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saillard, Juliette" sort="Saillard, Juliette" uniqKey="Saillard J" first="Juliette" last="Saillard">Juliette Saillard</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Danemark</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santos, Fabricio R" sort="Santos, Fabricio R" uniqKey="Santos F" first="Fabrício R." last="Santos">Fabrício R. Santos</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Biochemistry</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stefanescu, Gheorghe" sort="Stefanescu, Gheorghe" uniqKey="Stefanescu G" first="Gheorghe" last="Stefanescu">Gheorghe Stefanescu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Roumanie</country><wicri:regionArea>I.C. Biologice, Iasi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Iasi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sykes, Bryan C" sort="Sykes, Bryan C" uniqKey="Sykes B" first="Bryan C." last="Sykes">Bryan C. Sykes</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Human Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tolun, Aslihan" sort="Tolun, Aslihan" uniqKey="Tolun A" first="Aslihan" last="Tolun">Aslihan Tolun</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Istanbul</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Villems, Richard" sort="Villems, Richard" uniqKey="Villems R" first="Richard" last="Villems">Richard Villems</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Estonian Biocentre, Tartu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tartu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tyler Smith, Chris" sort="Tyler Smith, Chris" uniqKey="Tyler Smith C" first="Chris" last="Tyler-Smith">Chris Tyler-Smith</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Biochemistry</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jobling, Mark A" sort="Jobling, Mark A" uniqKey="Jobling M" first="Mark A." last="Jobling">Mark A. Jobling</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country wicri:rule="url">Royaume-Uni</country></affiliation><affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">The American Journal of Human Genetics</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">AJHG</title><idno type="ISSN">0002-9297</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2000">2000</date><biblScope unit="volume">67</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">6</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="1526">1526</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="1543">1543</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0002-9297</idno></series><idno type="istex">A1046658CE0666FBC2D17FCBE40E006FDC0B9DE6</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1086/316890</idno><idno type="PII">S0002-9297(07)63221-2</idno><idno type="ArticleID">63221</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0002-9297</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Clinal patterns of autosomal genetic diversity within Europe have been interpreted in previous studies in terms of a Neolithic demic diffusion model for the spread of agriculture; in contrast, studies using mtDNA have traced many founding lineages to the Paleolithic and have not shown strongly clinal variation. We have used 11 human Y-chromosomal biallelic polymorphisms, defining 10 haplogroups, to analyze a sample of 3,616 Y chromosomes belonging to 47 European and circum-European populations. Patterns of geographic differentiation are highly nonrandom, and, when they are assessed using spatial autocorrelation analysis, they show significant clines for five of six haplogroups analyzed. Clines for two haplogroups, representing 45% of the chromosomes, are continentwide and consistent with the demic diffusion hypothesis. Clines for three other haplogroups each have different foci and are more regionally restricted and are likely to reflect distinct population movements, including one from north of the Black Sea. Principal-components analysis suggests that populations are related primarily on the basis of geography, rather than on the basis of linguistic affinity. This is confirmed in Mantel tests, which show a strong and highly significant partial correlation between genetics and geography but a low, nonsignificant partial correlation between genetics and language. Genetic-barrier analysis also indicates the primacy of geography in the shaping of patterns of variation. These patterns retain a strong signal of expansion from the Near East but also suggest that the demographic history of Europe has been complex and influenced by other major population movements, as well as by linguistic and geographic heterogeneities and the effects of drift.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Belgique</li><li>Danemark</li><li>Espagne</li><li>Estonie</li><li>France</li><li>Italie</li><li>Lituanie</li><li>Norvège</li><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>Pologne</li><li>Portugal</li><li>Roumanie</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>Russie</li><li>Slovénie</li><li>Suède</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Bavière</li><li>Berlin</li><li>Catalogne</li><li>Communauté de Madrid</li><li>District de Haute-Bavière</li><li>District fédéral central</li><li>Hollande-Méridionale</li><li>Hovedstaden</li><li>Latium</li><li>Oxfordshire</li><li>État de New York</li><li>Île-de-France</li><li>Østlandet</li></region><settlement><li>Barcelone</li><li>Berlin</li><li>Copenhague</li><li>Leyde</li><li>Madrid</li><li>Moscou</li><li>Munich</li><li>Oslo</li><li>Oxford</li><li>Paris</li><li>Rome</li></settlement></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Alavantic, Dragan" sort="Alavantic, Dragan" uniqKey="Alavantic D" first="Dragan" last="Alavantic">Dragan Alavantic</name><name sortKey="Amos, William" sort="Amos, William" uniqKey="Amos W" first="William" last="Amos">William Amos</name><name sortKey="Armenteros, Manuel" sort="Armenteros, Manuel" uniqKey="Armenteros M" first="Manuel" last="Armenteros">Manuel Armenteros</name><name sortKey="Bradley, Daniel G" sort="Bradley, Daniel G" uniqKey="Bradley D" first="Daniel G." last="Bradley">Daniel G. Bradley</name><name sortKey="Cooper, Gillian" sort="Cooper, Gillian" uniqKey="Cooper G" first="Gillian" last="Cooper">Gillian Cooper</name><name sortKey="Corte Real, Helena B S M" sort="Corte Real, Helena B S M" uniqKey="Corte Real H" first="Helena B. S. M." last="Côrte-Real">Helena B. S. M. Côrte-Real</name><name sortKey="Dubrova, Yuri E" sort="Dubrova, Yuri E" uniqKey="Dubrova Y" first="Yuri E." last="Dubrova">Yuri E. Dubrova</name><name sortKey="Glisic, Sanja" sort="Glisic, Sanja" uniqKey="Glisic S" first="Sanja" last="Glisic">Sanja Glisic</name><name sortKey="Golge, Mukaddes" sort="Golge, Mukaddes" uniqKey="Golge M" first="Mukaddes" last="Gölge">Mukaddes Gölge</name><name sortKey="Hill, Emmeline W" sort="Hill, Emmeline W" uniqKey="Hill E" first="Emmeline W." last="Hill">Emmeline W. Hill</name><name sortKey="Hurles, Matthew E" sort="Hurles, Matthew E" uniqKey="Hurles M" first="Matthew E." last="Hurles">Matthew E. Hurles</name><name sortKey="Kalaydjieva, Luba" sort="Kalaydjieva, Luba" uniqKey="Kalaydjieva L" first="Luba" last="Kalaydjieva">Luba Kalaydjieva</name><name sortKey="Kravchenko, Sergey A" sort="Kravchenko, Sergey A" uniqKey="Kravchenko S" first="Sergey A." last="Kravchenko">Sergey A. Kravchenko</name><name sortKey="Krumina, Astrida" sort="Krumina, Astrida" uniqKey="Krumina A" first="Astrida" last="Krumina">Astrida Krumina</name><name sortKey="Lavinha, Joao" sort="Lavinha, Joao" uniqKey="Lavinha J" first="João" last="Lavinha">João Lavinha</name><name sortKey="Livshits, Ludmila A" sort="Livshits, Ludmila A" uniqKey="Livshits L" first="Ludmila A." last="Livshits">Ludmila A. Livshits</name><name sortKey="Maria, Syrrou" sort="Maria, Syrrou" uniqKey="Maria S" first="Syrrou" last="Maria">Syrrou Maria</name><name sortKey="Pandya, Arpita" sort="Pandya, Arpita" uniqKey="Pandya A" first="Arpita" last="Pandya">Arpita Pandya</name><name sortKey="Patsalis, Philippos C" sort="Patsalis, Philippos C" uniqKey="Patsalis P" first="Philippos C." last="Patsalis">Philippos C. Patsalis</name><name sortKey="Rosser, Zoe H" sort="Rosser, Zoe H" uniqKey="Rosser Z" first="Zoë H." last="Rosser">Zoë H. Rosser</name><name sortKey="Rubinsztein, D C" sort="Rubinsztein, D C" uniqKey="Rubinsztein D" first="D. C." last="Rubinsztein">D. C. Rubinsztein</name><name sortKey="Santos, Fabricio R" sort="Santos, Fabricio R" uniqKey="Santos F" first="Fabrício R." last="Santos">Fabrício R. 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John Mitchell</name></noRegion></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="État de New York"><name sortKey="Nafa, Khedoudja" sort="Nafa, Khedoudja" uniqKey="Nafa K" first="Khedoudja" last="Nafa">Khedoudja Nafa</name></region><name sortKey="Sykes, Bryan C" sort="Sykes, Bryan C" uniqKey="Sykes B" first="Bryan C." last="Sykes">Bryan C. Sykes</name></country><country name="Danemark"><region name="Hovedstaden"><name sortKey="N Rby, S Ren" sort="N Rby, S Ren" uniqKey="N Rby S" first="S Ren" last="N Rby">S Ren N Rby</name></region><name sortKey="Saillard, Juliette" sort="Saillard, Juliette" uniqKey="Saillard J" first="Juliette" last="Saillard">Juliette Saillard</name></country><country name="Slovénie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Peterlin, Borut" sort="Peterlin, Borut" uniqKey="Peterlin B" first="Borut" last="Peterlin">Borut Peterlin</name></noRegion></country><country name="Roumanie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Stefanescu, Gheorghe" sort="Stefanescu, Gheorghe" uniqKey="Stefanescu G" first="Gheorghe" last="Stefanescu">Gheorghe Stefanescu</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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